                           ˿µϣ20091022գ

09.10.21ûи
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ݽ¼ѧ ѧ淶

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2009пԺԺʿѡЧѡ΢ĶһͶ

ߣѧ

ѧ̥ʵ飬ǰ󲿷ֺͻȻ䣬½ʼ
дϸΪԭﲡԭ΢
ףάռй֪룺/ԭsea urchin*ƪë
ԭѧףൺѧ΢

1. ΢-1994-ϼڵĹëԭ. ϼоİ棩 
6(3):53-61.
2. ΢,A. Warren, N. Wilbert-1996-On the three endocommensal 
ciliates from digestive tract of sea urchins of the weddell sea, 
Antarctica, with establishment of a new genus, Entodiscoides Nov. Gen. 
(PROTOZOA, CILIOPHORA). ൺѧѧ 26(3): 295-306.

ƪʹͬݣƲͬ໥á

Ųȷ̬ȣҴӢ(ISI Web Database)ؼʣ
sea urchin* ߣSong W*ƪһƪ12߶ƣ

3. W Song, N Wilbert, A Warren-1999-Three new entocommensal 
ciliates from digestive tract of sea urchins of the Weddell Sea, 
Antarctica (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Polar Biol. 22:232-240.

Fig.1-5ȫ1,2ͼ1-3ƪе̬
ѧͳݻͬ걾вͬͳѧȫһ£д۸
ɣPolar biol мһݣƪκ໥ã
ڶһͶ

ջǣƪУߣǣȫͬ/
ͬ࣡23ĸǽȫΪ࣡ƪκ
໥ãߣЩ⺺׽Щԭʲô֣ô
ѧ

عģͬԲͬ/Ӣ/ڹ־/5/
ʵ̾Ϊֹ

־緢ٱţҪǸ͡

baiduߣִ˴ͷ

΢

²ʿʿʦԺѧλίԱѧרԱ
ѧ߼ƻƸڣ 1999  2004  J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 
 Protozool. Monographs ίйԭѧḱ³Ҫ
ԭѧѧоȺ֡ҽܳ𡱡Ȼ
ѧصĿҡ 973 ⡢صĿȶ ѧ 
240 ƪ  SCI ¼ 100 ƪ ɳɹȺ͹
ֿƼɹһȽȻѧȽһ 2004 
йѧҽ 
[09пԺԺʿѡЧѡˡ]

ָţ2005꼴ⱻһڸϷԺ
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Ͼѧ־һ

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־ٱǳ𾪣ᡢһѧ
Ͻ£翴־͵Ļظ
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ȷ¡䲩оȻСܿŵ,оΪǳϮ
ı⣬Χǡеķ轥ۣǺܱ

ACMٷԵĶӦò
http://www.acm.org/publications/policies/plagiarism_policy־
IJCAI01°׼϶ǲɣƪľȻܵõIJCAI
Ľ˵ݸû£οҲûУ
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µ㷨䲩;ģǣȴһص⣺
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İһ⽨ΣӢİͳ־㷨ʵȫһΪ
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־⽨ЭָѧΪ͸ɳˣѧ
ãѧԵһ߷ûѧʦԼ
ˣѧŵڶɡ

⽨ҲǷ֮¼ڣѧӦ
־õĶ࣬Ϊһߵİᵽ[Perrone 93]
ΣΪʱġࡱڵġѧߡ־Ӧý


1⽨εҪ־ĳɹ־Ϊ
İڵڶԭʲô

2־Ҫ⽨εĳɹ⽨αȽΪ
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ԡϾѧѧƸ־ѧԡһĵĴ

ߣ־

ã

ܾڼΪѧŬ֪˱
ٱԣܸоȣǶԡһ֪ܵˡľٱĴ𸴡Ļ
뿯ΪΡ

Ϊ˵Ƚ漰İԭἰ˳г£ 
[1] M. P. Perrone, L. N. Cooper. When Networks disagree: ensemble 
method for neural networks. Artificial Neural Networks for Speech and 
Vision, 1993, 126-142. 
[2] Z-H Zhou, J-X Wu, Y. Jiang and S-F Chen, Genetic Algorithm 
based Selective Neural Network Ensemble, IJCAI01, pp. 797-802 
[3] Z-H Zhou, J Wu, and W. Tang. Ensembling Neural Networks: Many 
could be Better than All, AIJ 2002, 137(1-2):239-263. 
[4] ⽨Σ־ѧǬһѡ缯ɹ췽
о뷢չ2000꣬9ڣ1039-1044 
[5] Z-H Zhou, J-X Wu, W. Tang, Z-Q Chen, Combing regression 
estimators: GA-based selectively neural network ensemble. 
International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications, 
2001, 1(4): 341-356. 
[6] Z-H Zhou, J-X Wu, W. Tang, Z-Q Chen, Selectively ensembling 
neural classifiers. IJCNN02, Honolulu, 2002. 
[7] J-X Wu, Z-H Zhou, Z-Q Chen. Ensemble of GA based Selective 
Neural Network Ensembles. 8th Int. Conf. on Neural Information 
Processing, 2001Shanghai, 1477-1482 
[8] N. Li, Z-H Zhou. Selective Ensemble Under Regularization 
Framework. MCS'09, LNCS 5519, 293-303

Ȼгô£бҪһЩ漰Ĺ

Щǡѧϰensemble learningо90
ļPerrone & CooperĹ[1]Ǹľ乤֮һ
500ΣʾѧϰһʹÿԱֻʹһѧϰ
á˺󣬺ܶ˿ʼоιõļɣΪһţ
97ʱһλȨѧ߳ΪѧϰʱĴо֮һǹ
ĹǽʾˡѧϰԽԽá뷨ǲȷģӦ
many could be better than allѡ񲿷ѧϰɿԱʹ
ѧϰãЧ㷨෽ĿǰΪѡԼɡ
selective ensembleвѧ߿չⷽоǹ
չĹԼ֮ĹϵǷŵܣصظ
һ֪ܵˡľٱ

ĽܣԼǹչĽܣԿǵĹ
ĳ㡢˼롢ԼҪף[1]ȫͬġʵֻҪһ[1]
ժҪͿ֪[1]ķĵһʾǣIt efficiently 
uses all the networks of a population C none of the networks need be 
discardedʹѧϰмɣǵĹסmany 
could be better than allʹòֶѧϰмǽȻ
ͬġ

һ֪ܵˡ˵IJCAI01жǰ24ʽڳϮ
ԼչAIJ1172932ڳϮһ£
ЩʽͿԿָغܻơ[2]ǰ15ʽ
Ļ֪ʶǰ10ʽӷֱʲôǼȨʲôƽ
ʲôʽ11-13߶ʲôϵһͳƽ̲ľͿ
ʽ1415ǰЩʽӾ󣬻ʽ16Ա
ۡЩʶԵĶűκζ߶Ϊ
claimԼĹףҲκλˣPerroneCooperڣ
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ĲǵõѡԻع鼯ɵ۽[2]
ƵеĹסһ֪ܵˡָⳭϮ[1]ʵڲ֪[1]
ʲôطĽУǵǷǳֵģΪ[1]ϣ
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мɡǵΪõôܴ
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˵ǰܵģ뷨[1]ȫͬƵ
Ǻܻļûر[1]еĶҳȽϿ
ɵʱһPerroneCooperڹIJCAIƺٵƪ
6ҳûǰ˵ˣ[1]Ҫʾʹöѧϰ
ʹһã[2]ʱ֪
ˣPerroneCooperľ乤֮һ˵Ҳ֪
ʹüɱʹһѧϰáǵ¹ס

һ֪ܵˡ˵[4]رۣ
ƪԼĹ׵۲֣Դԡ[1]֣
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һ֪ܵˡ˵IJCAI01˵Զν
һֽķҪĶࡱźΪ۵ǲ׼ȷġ[2]
еƵڼϲûر֮ƳĽ޷ֱʵ
⣨ԭ˵ˣǲҪרȥһЧ㷨
ͲˡGASEN㷨ʹôԼ20~35%Ļѧ
ϰͿԴﵽʵԱȷ൱õܣڵʱôҺ
ġINT. J. COMP. INTEL. APP.Ŀ༭ڡ߰editorial
ǹģIt is remarkable that this strategy 
performs better than well-established ensembling approaches, , at a 
much lower computational costɴ˿ɿر͵㷨
[2]м򵥵Ƶһ棬Ƶļֵ[2]ǲ
ģΪԵʱѧϰصоķع󲿷˵[2]
ֻ˻ع飬ԸҪķû֣֪̽ǷڷҲܵõ
ƽۡ[3]һֹǰѹڷƵȥ
ˣǲܵõMany could be better than all
ȽӰĽۡ

һ֪ܵˡ˵[7]дԴ Perrone
Cooper ƪ¡֪[7]ʲôطдĻǰ
ĽܿԿPerroneCooperҪѧϰһ
𡱣ǡѧϰһ𲻺ãӦѡһϡ
ôԴ[1]ʵϣ߽Ȼ෴[1]ķʹ
ѧϰǵ뷨һ̶Ƕġ

һ֪ܵˡ˵[8]СһĿŵȷؽЩ
ȫ鹦Լ۾仰Zhou et al. [24] analyzed the 
relationship between ensemble and its component learners from the 
context of both regression and classification, and proved that it may 
be better to combine many instead of all of the learners.仰
˼˵ǶԻعͷ¼ɺ͸ѧϰĹϵ֤һ
ѧϰɻѧϰɸãmany could be better than 
allʲôѡأ

ǵĹǴ1999꿪ʼģʱǲʿ꼶ѧȿǻ
⣬˿Դһعѧϰѡɸѧϰ켯ɵGASEN
㷨һ[2]2001IJCAIϻյAI 
Journalչ루ԼINT. J. COMP. INTEL. APP.Special 
issue루AI JournalIJCAIĳںߣINT. J. 
COMP. INTEL. APP. Special issueĿ༭ǻĳίԱίԱʱ
IJCAIĳίԱίԱ൱һЩϯϣ뵱IJCAI
ϡNN & GAչɲԴٽ÷оЩ£
ڿӦöйۡչһǼ
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accuracy-diversityĽǶȽһ̽Чԭ򡣺ǰⷽչ
ύINT. J. COMP. INTEL. APP.[5]һʶ
иҪ壨[3]ȷƵġMany could be 
better than allһ㷨ڼѧϰоʱҪ
ڷͻعϣҪԸǱȥоǷڷ
ҲȡƵĽԵĻعĽһ
ĽЩʵ飬ȷʵǿеģһЩʵܽ
2001°Ͷ20025·Ļ[6]ǻ
ֵͨʵֵ㷨ЧʡȻǶԷ̽
֣óعƵĽۣ[2]Ľ˴
ʵ֤Ľ͸AI Journal[3]һֱһ
1999˶ʿһ꼶⽨ΣһЭָ˶ʿ
ʱڵϰһдһƪдһƪӢģϣ
ͬж֪ܿǴġ[4]һλ
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ʦڽչʱѧһλһ꼶˶ʿ
׫д[3]ʱ򣬸ݶ[3]ʵʹ׽
һ֪ܵˡָ[7]IJCAI֮Խ
ɵļɡʶȻʵܲûз֡
ѡԼɡڱ˼·ϽϡһѡԼɡиֵĵط
ûнһо[8]ָһλ˶ʿȥҵеһ
ǽǻ򻯿һµѡ
Լ㷨ѡԼһ㶼ͨʽѡȸǿ

УǷ˼ԼҲ⣺
1) һдһİһӢİ棨[2][4]ڵʱ
飬ǵʱҲǺȻģûⲻԡʶ
Եģͻá
2) journalչ룬Ȼύչݲͬʹ
ڿйЭȻáһӦֻһjournal棬Թ
ҲзɢעĸӰ졣
3) һЩоԱ֪Ľǵ˽ܻ
Ӧȷ˵Щǻ֪ʶǱĵĹס

ҺҵоڽĹжԼϸҪ󣬻ӭʵǵļ
͹ע

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ڡ㶫ѧٹ̡Ժʿ̡

ߣ³



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˵ġһֱǸಡоģϺһϲͨƬ֮
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Ѿͨ˹㶫ʡƼɹҪ쵼աΪ㶫ʡѧ
һȽ˵㶫ѧʾϧһдۣóɹա
ΪҿѧһȽûκݵĺ˵ԡ
ͨ˵ȵȴԾǶ׫ġȥҳɹ
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ѧУǰˮרѧУũҵרѧУֱ׶ˣ97
꽨УˮרũרϲɣԱ䣬ʱһǧˣ
ǹ㶫ʡиУġԱýǽ𣬲ǹʰ
ѧУǰ販ʿ㣬֪ʦ٣֪
ѧУ֮һƴɻ֮ٻ
ӡɾЩˣΪڳɹеƽϣѧУ
棬˻֮ܳΪʦ𣬻֮ܳΪǰ

վվ´ߵĹ۵㣬˵
˿֪վӰܻٵһͷһΪ
ʮͷԲ˭дģҲԲ滹Ǽ٣
ʵܹʵԴһΪΪʵҸôˣ
ҲԴ˼ҡ

ʦÿ5о15һʵʦҲǽ15
оÿˣټʵҵĸԱȵȣ
ΪһŶӣѧһоԼλʦ
ѧôˣôѧˣҵѧĸǶ
ʦƷмӣ

ʵһע˿ʦƪ·ңҵʱ
ܾ㵣Ϊ֮С𾪡ͬʱҲЩģʦܲ˴
ŷһӵĶ˷񶨣̫Ϸˡ

˶Ϸ

Լ䣬ԼŸɽĸĸң
Ӱб

ϣ˽ҵ飬ܳʱ˽
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(XYS20091022)

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˹ѹѧԺ⼮Ժʿhttp://www.zzti.edu.cn/Articles/2005/12-28/2065.htm

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2. ָ   ָ¡ûЩ磬Ҫ˼
ֻȥѰµָ

3.    ʦ˵ϷͽͤдĺܳӰдĺ
̣ĴʣͤӰ..Ҳǵˡ

4. ҽ   ׾ױµġϡһָ߼Ʒɫϣ
йǿ

5. 3壬3𣬻3ʥܽᣬ3ΰͬ5Ҳΰ

6.    漰ӣӣȵȡЩγ棬
ˡġǰҲģֱǻۣ
ǻ۾ûꡣΪ̫ˣ߼˼άǾû
ˡ˼ά˼Ӧڷ̵Ķ򣩣һԼ
ꡣҸгʦرᵽйᳫĺгء͵ȶ
һֱ꣬Ϊûǻۣûʧȥꡣ

ѧķӦкüҪʦѧףѧԡһ϶
ȴ⽲˼ķӦõĶࡣҪǰ¿ΣҪȥͽ
Žꡣ

һЩѧУĶ

1. οʦ˵Ǯ˶תʳƷʦǽѧر
˼ѧָƼġ

2. ĳѧǮйػı棬˷ǳĿƼ
͵

3. ĳѧԺȥΣҽȥҽϣ
Ҷв󲿷ʦ˼ٿҩ

4. ʵ澭˵ϻ𡱣ҩһȵȡ

5. ʵͳһ䷢ļ涼ҩ

дЩѾŭˡֻЩһУձ
ȫЩ̸ڵķ⽨ŵ

(XYS20091022)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys4.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

лʳмµĿ

ߣʯ

˿￴ʳۣЩдϼ䡣ԭΪʳ
Ǻ۵ģҪϰߵӰ죬޷ԱȣǣҺ˿
ֱӶԱȵĿ͹֤ݣ֤ʳȷܸһȡ

ϵ¼ġʳ鲼ȫ磬ʳƷ
׼Ƚȶǣҹ۲죬Ŀϵ¼͵ը뱱
ȣ֮ըָӲɫƫըɫ
ƣ⽹ۡұʳϵ¼һǺ
ըȴٳˡ⼸ƷƲԵʳƷҲַ񡣳˵
ϰ̫ˣʳ͹ۡҵĺСǿϵ¼͡
ʤ͵İߣ˼֮ҲˡƲ⣬
⿼һ£ǵϿʮּѡ

ȻʳѶԱȣǣࡢۡɡһЩָ껹
Եġͬǿϵ¼ͣը⼸Ȼöˡ

ɽʳۣй½֮
Ψʳһ֮ΪҽŽɣڿ
۾顣

һ˶ʳԵƫãǵʳϰߵãԻ
ǻΪʳֲ١ʵϣӦиߵ֣֮˵
Ӧòʳɣֻ뵱Ȼ

ҽѧûпѧҽѧǸαѧ⿲Ҫ̫ߵĿƼӦ
ҪǾ飬ǧϵʷũҵĽڶ
˿⿾ĻۡչߡвʵΡԭ
Щֻרҽ⡣

(XYS20091022)

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THOMASҲǽ격ʿҵģΪǺ꣬ԶԹڸУ
׼ġʵϣԶԶϡڸУļ
쵼ߵĽӣУĹѾ޿ɸ֮زˡüΣҲ
ͿʿķʽûϣջǼΪ
źڰܻȥġƪлἰġ1311ƻƻ
100λʦ300λ˲ţ100Ŷӣ1000ѧǸɡǴֱʣ
Ǵ󹤳̣Ȼ100λʦҪȫӹˡǺεȵ
ǰּƻӳĳЩ쵼ߡ뼱ȸСϣͨһЩ
̡ͨƱԼġȻٷƣ
ұҲ룡

󺣹鲩ʿعºɱ ƹѧȦ

2009-10-22̱

û֪Ϳʿô3¥ߵ¥11㣬ȻԾµġ

λ32ĺ飬6²Ŵ֥Ӹзйع֮ǰı
ףƽǰڵȴ

Ȼ917賿2㣬6ҳסۺ
¥¥¥ǰ6죬ύ걨ְƵزϡ

֥Ӹ絽

 Ŀ

1977꣬Ϳ³һ֪ʶӼͥʱʱһֱ
ͬеٮٮߡбҵͽ廪ѧˮϵ911֮ǰ˳
õǩ֤ȫѧͶѧľϵ6õʿѧλ
У²ʿоꡣ

㽭ѧѧԺṩĲϼ¼Ϳǽ1ͨʼ
ѧԺϵġ4£¼֪ͨͿʿϡ
ʼУȷϸͿʿṩְδȷְơ

6³ͿʿǰѧĲʿعӺ
 (յԸ)Ŀ

ξҲʿڱĳУרҵҵɷ
Ҳõȫѧȡ˲ʿѧλ˽Ϳ˵Ϳʿһ
Тӣһںĸڽ𻪣صѡһƺ
õķչǵŮڽϼɺξĸһڻ
ںžۡ

ΪѧǸ

 ѱö

Ϳʿ1311ƻ1000ѧǸ֮һÿ¿۵⵽
2000Ԫ

ίĻ߼ߣ㽭ѧ1311ƻһ
ṹĴŶӣŶӵǣ100λʦ300λ˲ţ100 
Ŷӣ1000ѧǸɡλϽУĽʦԤŽ
ûгۺͷסլЩǸʦ׼ġ

ȻͿʿں֥ӸѵĽУԤȻƺ
дöࡣ

ͿʿδԼԤϵعпĿ6£ص
ϼ㽭ʡϢһʱ䡣7£Ϳʿصݡ28գס
ṩλȪУǴĽʦԢԢ57ƽסͿ
ʿס£µۺ¥´Ա߼ߣ
¥ס2000ԪңԵгۣӹ۳

㽭ѧֹµܿ߼ߣͿʿĴʦţ
Ҹṩ4Ԫķ֧ںݹҡȻҲֻһ
״̬ͿʿŮþҪ׶԰ˣڹڴе׶԰շѲơ
ͿʿӺξҲ˳ֻһסϼҴӣһҹݷ
ۺѷɫϺ㽭ѧϽУȻλڲôõ飬
ÿƽ׼۸Ȼֱ2Ԫ



˵ µò

޴ӿ֤ͿʿǷҲƵת߼ˣ
ǰʸ񷢷š

ͿʿǰĹڰͰУ2009
ΡȻΪ֪ǣҲ8£ʼǣʼҩ˯ߡ

ͿʿѧǱѾֵõ֤Googlescholar(ȸѧ)
ѵ6ƪѧģ3ƪSCIڿͿо
̵ļ㷽ģڹڴ㹤̻ı£Ӧй㷺Ӧ
ǰ

ӺͿʿһֱһŵˡ֥ӸУ
ͿʿʣѧǱ׷󡣸ͬѧڻʱҲ޷
ϵûж͵ֻСŴ򣬶Ϳʿ
һͬѧõġ

ȷʹǹͿʿ8»ûо911գѧУ
רҵְƸϵͳд걨ڵϢ

Ȼ6917賿2ʱͿʿ11¥¡6ҳ飬
ûκˡ֪ιʣһλڴʱ̣Ϊ
ľµǲʵģºķչȫûԤƣлһЩǰҸ档
ѧȦʵпᡢš顣ȻҵΪǶӡ

²

¥ְй

911걨Ϣ917¥Ϳʿ׾ʲô
ʢͿʿͷŵȴδС

ָòϳѧԺ칫ҿƳ¸߼
ߣͿʿºרŲ鿴ѧԺE-mailǡְ
ûг֡ڡ´ܿܣְ˼ǣͿʿ
ĲʿоһУǽʦܷõ
ְƣҪ9µͿʿ׹¥÷9ְڼ䣬
д걨Ϣ6졣ձ²⣬Ƿǰ֪ѡ
йأǷǰ̸ѧУйطܴ֮
ϵ

˼

ҲǸΣȺ

ả鲢ͨеȺ塣ȻʵǣҲһΣ
Ⱥ塣ǴСͳе̫Եй׹
еĺܶҲû̽ӽɹӹ׹¥3£Ϳʿʹ
𽥽ǵ

ίĻ˵ͿʿջعӦһ̡ѧУ
ΣμһЩѧĳﱸǰӦ
ºĹĻ΢һ㣬ûע⵽״̬

Ϳʿ¼ǰڵĽѧԺʼʦ̸ʲô
ҪѧԺ˵

(XYS20091022)

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ƹԱ5ŲԱ Υ

2009-10-21ձ

18һ򡶺ţԱӱ󾭼ѧԺŲ!?
ٴν˹˶ԸߵȽ񾭡Գ
һѧѧԺıƱҵָƸԺڲ֮ǰıй
УԺĳؼеĺӺŹӣڱŹβ
ýָͷҲó˸òҵ֤ѧλ֤£Ȼ˳
˱еİ񵥡ԭλӵĸ׷ֱǺĳؼе
ίǺһеʵȨֳĳѧ˼νĸ
õؼС

ߡpkuecograduate(ΪԺҵ)һ粨
ĳ̳ķӦڶ̶36Сʱ֮ڣ˵12Σظ
970

ɣ

༶һ

ݡpkuecograduateڲǰ󾭼ѧԺаУ
ڰ༶ǰʮûܱͱУо£
һĺĳͱԺһ൹ڶĳҢȴ!ĳ
ĳҢĸףһλǺĳؼеίǣһλͬʡһеʵ
Ȩֳ3ĳſβ񡱣ĳҢ˵Ҳ
β񡣡

pkuecograduateĽȻ󲨣ҲѶ¼
ʵԱʾɡѿʼԷ oiduoduo˵
googleһºʡĵؼίкߣǱ
ĳѧ˼νĸǵ硱ѳѧĳĳ
ϢЩϢʾĳĳ2006궼Ϊѧʡ
һȽ(ʡ)ԭ򱻱ϱġ

Ժ񲿣

ǱоԷϹ涨

󲦴˱ѧѧԺ񲿵İ칫绰ӵ绰ʦ
˵ϵ飬Ѿ֪ˡڴ£ˡԲ
ʵ֮⣬û̫ĻҪ˵

ʾѧԺѧֻҪܹõѧʿѧλﵽ;ѧԺ
ɼҪ󣬶бƼʸ񣬶ǽ˵ĳĳ
ŹβǲʵġǱУǷϹ涨ġ
Ƿйβѧ˽Ϊܾش

˵˵Ϸˣǳڸ˶Թǣ
Щ⡰칫ңʦ˵ûбҪϷ󲻿ܲ
ѧ·ܲѧȰ˵ˣֱ˵
ûбҪ˵˵ҿ

(XYS20091022)

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